Introduction“The blindfolds we wear during live performances are a criticism of the superficiality of gay culture -the fact that it has turned into a market, just like everything else,” says Joel Gibb, front man of the Ontario-based indie-pop band the Hidden Cameras. With a generation of queer people throwing aside Foucault for Queer TV, it certainly is difficult to dispute that we are becoming a demographic to which big businesses are trying to appeal unapologetically. Gay music, for instance, is mass-marketed in palatable sub-genres overflowing with queer stereotypes, from the show-tune chamber pop of Rufus Wainwright and the Magnetic Fields to the singer-songwriter folk pop of k.d. lang and Catie Curtis to the electronic disco of the Scissor Sisters and Junior Senior. But how is queer is queer culture if it simply conforms to the expectations of mainstream society? The “constituent characteristic” of the term “queer,” as Annamarie Jagose explains, is “its definitional indeterminacy, its elasticity” (1). True queer music would be something that can never be mass-marketed, something that eschews widespread appeal in favor of true artistic expression.
In his essay “Sexual and Musical Categories,” Fred Everett Maus suggests that “…it is already easy to see that non-tonal compositions are queers in the concert hall…[T]hey are marginals, oddballs, outsiders…products of the degeneration of tonal order” (159). From this reasoning follows a considerable theoretical link between noise music, both classical and popular, and queer identity. In Maus’s essay he describes the almost perfect parallel between the “essentialism vs. social construction” debate of sexuality and the debate over tonality. In describing the theoretical writings of Heinrich Schenker, he states, “Schenker’s creation of an elaborate tonal theory in response to post-tonal music resembles, to some extent, sexologists’
back-formation of the concept of heterosexuality” (162). He then proceeds to equate Milton Babbitt with Foucault: “Babbitt suggested that Schenker’s theory be understood, instead, as based on a number of axioms rather than as a natural phenomenon” (163). According to Babbitt, traditional tonality, twelve-tonality, and atonality are all constructed ideas of musicality that lie in some multi-dimensional spectrum with one no more natural than the other. Similarly, Foucault emphasizes that “Sexuality must not be thought of as a kind of natural given which power tries to hold in check…It is the name that can be given to a historical construct” (105). Remarkably, when “musicality” is substituted for “sexuality,” Foucault’s description of the “great surface network” of sexualities is practically indecipherable from Babbitt’s account of tonality (105). Like Foucault’s constructionist theory of sexuality, Babbitt’s idea recognizes the historical invalidation of non-tonal music and denies the presumptions of naturality that underlie it.
But while social stigma may make noise queer in the musical realm, what, if anything, links it directly to queer sexuality? Pinpointing any specifically queer aspect of noise music is impossible: the term “noise” is applied to such a broad variety of styles of music (rock, classical, jazz, digital electronic, analog electronic, etc.) that finding a unifying queer motif in noise is as difficult as finding one in all of “non-noise” music. The improvisational nature of much of noise music makes the task even more daunting. Instead, noise empathizes with queer sexuality, giving it twofold practicality for queer musicians and music fans. First, it stands as an unmarketable (and thus untainted) queer alternative to the “queer” culture being packaged and distributed for mass consumption by mainstream heteronormative society, making it a poignant political tool. Second, it serves as a uniquely appropriate outlet for both queer sexual expression and the anger and despair caused by homophobia.
Noise MusicWhile waiting in line for a Black Dice concert a few months ago, I had a nice conversation with a lesbian couple waiting behind me about the Afrirampo and Lightning Bolt show we had all seen over the summer. Once I was seated inside the auditorium, I met two gay high school students who were sitting in front of me, and we talked about our shared love for John Cage. After the opening act, I turned around to talk to the man sitting behind me about our favorite noise rock bands. When I asked him if he liked Xiu Xiu, he said that the homosexual imagery of the lyrics made him uncomfortable, and his gay friend a few seats down teased him about it. I went to a Wolf Eyes show a few weeks later and saw more of the same: a disproportionately large portion of the audience was in some way queer. Noise music has become one of the biggest underground musical movements over the past few years, and every noise show I attend seems to have more and more queer people both on and off stage.
But what exactly do I mean when I say “noise music”? As previously mentioned, the term “noise” can be used to refer to a wide variety of musical styles; the artists mentioned above range from analog electronic (Black Dice) to noise rock (Afrirampo and Lightning Bolt) to classical (John Cage) to noise pop (Xiu Xiu). Jagose describes the modern use of the term “queer” as “an umbrella term for a coalition of culturally marginal sexual self-identifications” (1). Similarly, “noise” refers to “culturally marginal” music, including discordant compositions, free improvisations, and pieces featuring feedback and other dissonant sounds. The only truly universal characteristic of noise music is the contextualization of sounds that are traditionally considered non-musical into a musical setting. Today there are countless noise artists in different sub-genres, but even as the field grows in popularity, its harsh, unconventional nature keeps it restricted to the underground music scene.
Noise and Queer PoliticsIn 1993 the Kronos Quartet and Bob Ostertag released the EP All the Rage, a powerful sixteen-minute recording that undoubtedly stands as the most direct queer political statement in noise music. Straddling the border between musique concrète and avant-classical, the piece was, according to Ostertag’s liner notes, “developed from a recording [Ostertag] made of a riot in San Francisco in October 1991, which followed California Governor Pete Wilson's veto of a bill designed to protect gays and lesbians from discrimination.” Ostertag transcribed parts of his recording for string quartet, with the notes and sounds of the instruments recreating the sounds of the chanting crowd, police sirens, gunshots, and breaking glass. The final piece has both the Kronos Quartet and the recording playing simultaneously, each reinforcing the other, with dramatic readings of the transcripts of interviews with riot participants spread throughout. This unsettling and deeply moving piece derives much of its dramatic effect from the unexpected musical contextualization of a non-musical recording. Television news has made us indifferent to the violent sounds of a riot, but a gunshot once again becomes affecting when punctuated by the sound of a violin.
This composition superficially makes an obvious political statement by highlighting the danger and bigotry that queer people face while also depicting the undeniably human emotions of rage and despair. Less ostensible is the political statement that the contextualization described above makes on its own. The unconventional presentation of a riot as a musical piece is at once shocking and upsetting: the piece does not seem to belong in the concert hall. This mimics the feelings of rejection and disapproval experienced by queer people in homophobic society, the exact feelings that caused the riot that the piece depicts. This singularly effective political aspect of noise music is explored even further by many of today’s noise artists, who use it as an outlet for their frustration. This is discussed later in the paper.
By unifying a political theme with a brilliantly subtle political message in All the Rage, Ostertag proves that he is the master of noise music as contextualization as queer political soapbox. He took his vision even further six years later with PantyChrist, an “improvisational collaboration” between him, Japanese noise legend Otomo Yoshihide, and San Francisco drag queen Justin Bond. Describing the conceptualization of PantyChrist in his interview “Why I Work with Drag Queens,” Ostertag explains that “the act of appropriation has become the quintessential act of the late 20th century avant garde, [so] it seems only reasonable to recognize that for drag queens this is nothing new”. Indeed, Judith Butler suggests that “Drag constitutes the mundane way in which genders are appropriated, theatricalized, worn, and done; it implies that all gendering is a kind of impersonation and approximation” (313). In this sense, noise music is misunderstood for the same reasons as drag: it shows that music that relies on tone and rhythm is as socially constructed as gender through the appropriation of non-musical elements. By incorporating (and even apotheosizing) drag performance into his art, Ostertag generalizes Butler’s performative theory of gender to apply to music as well.
Ostertag risked much of his reputation with PantyChrist; unlike his work with the Kronos Quartet and luminaries such as Fred Frith and John Zorn, drag performance is not generally considered high art. This refusal to compromise an important part of queer culture, however, furthers Ostertag’s statement about the validity of all sexual, gender, and musical identities. Drew Daniel and Martin Schmidt, the members of the experimental electronic duo Matmos, follow the same philosophy as Ostertag. According to Daniel, who is also a queer theorist and music critic, the upcoming Matmos LP features “eleven portraits of people we admire…who were queer.” He makes an important qualification, however: “This is a political record, but it's not
one that engages in the standard issue ‘give us rights because we write good books’ argument.” The two avoid the “problem [of] producing a list of illustrious gays in the hope that we'll have this kind of forgiveness or acceptance” by including profiles of individuals such as Joe Meek, the famous record producer who was also a murderer. Like Ostertag, they refuse to forfeit the legitimization of those who do not conform to some lifestyle that is deemed acceptable by mainstream society. This political statement is precisely the same one that Michael Warner uses in his argument against the movement for same-sex marriage: “Marriage sanctifies some couples at the expense of others. It is selective legitimization” (82).
Before Ostertag and Matmos, however, John Cage was the foremost queer noise artist. But rather than publicly embracing his homosexuality and composing outrightly gay pieces, Cage took a more acetic approach to queer politics. In his essay “John Cage’s Queer Silence,” Jonathan Katz compares the “conspicuous silence” in many of Cage’s works, most notably 4’33”, with Cage’s silence about his homosexuality (50). Explaining that “Cage became notable precisely for his silences,” Katz justifies Cage’s unwillingness to talk about his sexuality by theorizing that Cage found silence to be more powerful than words. Perhaps surprisingly, compositional silence can be classified as noise: 4’33” is meant to be an aleatoric piece, one that is composed by chance through the sounds of the surroundings. Engaging the curiosities of his fans with his ambiguous silence, Cage encouraged speculation about both the meaning of his music and his sexuality, thus undoing preconceptions about exclusively binary systems of musicality and sexuality.
The Queer Appeal and Evolution of NoiseAlthough there is clearly a considerable theoretical overlap between queer sexuality and noise music, this conceptual harmony alone cannot account for the popularity of noise music within the queer community today. While some artists use theory as a rationale for making political statements, what exactly is it about noise music in practical terms that could explain the disproportionate number of queer musicians and fans in the genre? Is there some primitive appeal, something purely entertaining about noise that draws queer fans? When I posed this question to Drew Daniel, he gave an interesting narrative of his teenage years and his discovery of the noise underground:
“A lot of the punk rock and hard core scene was very macho, straight-edge, and
homophobic. I drifted into noise and experimental music because it seemed more
negative, more hostile and aggressive than hard core… It was a really intensely
negative time in my life. I was a suicidal closet-case kid and noise was this ultra-
nihilistic sound inferno that sounded really good. It was also a scene where you
had depictions of extreme sexuality… It was straight sexuality, but it was
delivered in such a brutal S&M way that it was still deviant sexuality… It was a
place where sexual deviance was being celebrated, a place where it was cooler to
bea freak, and freak could mean queer.”
For Daniel, noise music was largely a form of emotional and sexual catharsis, and in the days before the queercore movement within punk rock, it was the only subversive musical community that would accept his homosexuality. The ability to identify not only with the musicians and their lyrics but also with the non-normative nature of their music gave Daniel what he could not find elsewhere.
The nature of noise performance and its relevance to the queer community underlies Daniel’s story. In her essay “Tragic Misreadings: Queer Theory’s Erasure of Transgender Subjectivity,” Ki Namaste expounds her theory of performance as a reinforcement of a presumed normalcy by the audience: “The limiting of drag queens to the stage also suggests that drag is something you do; it is not someone you are… Drag is about performance while the homoerotic is about identity” (186-187). This cannot be true in the case of noise performance, however, where the audience is as actively engaged in the sonic bombardment as the performer, where there can be no “limiting to the stage” of anyone. This is not to say, however, that Namaste’s perspective is not informative here. Indeed, it becomes quite useful when the performer and the audience are viewed as a unified entity, which is the ultimate goal of noise. Then the performance is no longer about objectification of the performer but rather about identification with the performer, identification through the shared sonic experience of the performance and the common life experiences expressed in the music.
Daniel explains that “most of the noise shows that [he] went to in the 80's were the same old macho boy’s club, because it was about showing that you were tough enough to take the really hellish noise.” In the wake of the short-lived no-wave movement, noise was no longer restricted to the realm of avant-classical in the early 80’s, and the band Whitehouse emerged as the first power electronics group. While the misogyny and violent (hetero)sexuality of Whitehouse’s songs (“A Cunt Like You” and “I’m Comin’ Up Your Ass”, for example) may have been immediately accessible to the “boy’s club” that Daniel describes, the pioneers of industrial music, Throbbing Gristle, challenged that notion entirely. The noise scene could not possibly remain a haven for heterosexist men when this group, which included the overtly homosexual Peter Christopherson and the self-described “pandrogynous” Genesis P-Orridge, rose to eminence. While the sound of Throbbing Gristle was very similar to that of Whitehouse, audiences now had to identify with the lyrics of “Can the World Be as Sad as It Seems?” and “United,” which describe cross-generational gay sex and a sadomasochistic polyamorous relationship. Finally, Coil broke onto the scene, combining music that surpassed even the harshness of Whitehouse with lyrics based almost entirely upon the duo’s Satanic homosexual practices (see “The Anal Staircase” and “Penetralia”).
By the mid 80’s, two of the three biggest noise groups embraced graphically queer sexuality in their music. Because of the necessity of identification with noise performance, the noise scene became the perfect environment for, as Daniel puts is, “a certain kind of queer person who isn't sold on the ‘fitting in at all costs, being presentable to middle America, politically efficacious’ mainstream route.” The “boy’s club” began to break down as noise shows became much more of a home for queers than for misogynistic, heterosexist men. This was the perfect environment for the second wave of noise in popular culture, the so-called “Japanese Invasion.” While Merzbow made the loudest, most pummeling industrial electronic noise yet on albums such as “Ecobondage” and “Music For Bondage Performance,” the Boredoms challenged the structures of punk rock, pop music, and noise with songs such as the epic trilogy of “Anal Eater,” “God from Anal,” and “Born to Anal,” which enthusiastically featured the sounds of various bodily functions.
So how exactly did the queer noise scene evolve in this way? Did the music make heterosexual noise fans begin to question their sexuality and explore other sexual practices, or did the overwhelming homosexual and queer themes of noise music in the late 80’s and early 90’s simply attract queer fans? In other words, was this change a natural evolution or simply a reclaiming of queer territory? While the latter was clearly the case for Daniel, it is impossible to know exactly what the overall trend was. At the same time, asking about the sexuality of noise fans is not entirely productive, as it loses us in the same loop of inversion that Judith Butler
describes for sexuality in general: “The entire framework of copy and origin proves radically unstable as each position inverts into the other and confounds the possibility of any stable way to locate the temporal or logical priority of each term” (313). The only clear conclusion to be drawn is that popular noise music is indeed a growing phenomenon with broad appeal to queer musicians and fans alike.
Noise as a Queer OutletBeyond identification, Daniel also describes noise as an outlet for emotional and sexual frustration. While these forms of catharsis are not exclusively available to the queer community, there are few outlets for frustration toward heterosexist society and queer sexual energy that are as naturally queer as noise music. Ostertag’s All the Rage is an obvious example of using noise to release outrage, but there are countless others.
For example, Jamie Stewart’s noise-pop project Xiu Xiu illustrates perfectly how noise can be channeled to express and ease pain and anger simultaneously. Many of Stewart’s songs are biographical tributes to the lives of people he has known who have been abused by heterosexist society, using noise as an auditory representation and release of overwhelming emotions. In the song “Dr. Troll,” for example, Stewart sings about a male-to-female transgender teenager who “holds inside of her the horrible dream of being somebody” and “pretend[s] someone could love [her].” A caterwauling screech of feedback dominates the track as we learn that her life “would be so much easier if she was [sic] a real girl.” Her dream is horrible because it is unachievable, and appropriately we are faced with horrible sounds that represent her anguish. Similarly, wailing synthesizers roll over decomposing drums as Stewart’s distorted voice howls “A-I-D-S, H-I-V! I cannot wait to die, can’t you tell?” in “Hives Hives,” a song for a patient in an AIDS clinic where Stewart worked who spent his last days filled with sarcastic acceptance of death and overwhelming regret about what he never accomplished. Meanwhile, Stewart addresses his own past in “Yellow Raspberry,” telling himself, “you became a faggot just like a bunny, beating of nonstop to the Escort pages,” while shrill, squealing electronics layer themselves over a tribal drum beat. Although it may initially seem like a disavowal of queer sexuality, this song is instead an expression of Stewart’s disapproval for the highly superficial and over-commercialized lifestyle that he feels is difficult for queer men to escape today. While the stories behind Stewart’s songs never come to a pleasant or even satisfying conclusion, we still feel the catharsis he intends us to feel through his beautifully climactic noise arrangements.
On the other hand, noise is also employed positively as a form of sexual expression, as we have seen in the sadomasochistic Merzbow pieces and the ritualistic homosexual compositions of Coil. Reinhold Friedl points out that “in his concerts [Merzbow] uses noise levels of over 110 dB, well past the pain threshold of the listeners” (30). This is undoubtedly a sadomasochistic act. A more direct example, however, is Afrirampo, a recently formed guitar-and-drums noise duo from Japan. The two describe their music as “naked rock” and “so fucking sexual,” and their records and live performances unequivocally verify this claim. Appearing on stage in their “strong red dress” or sometimes nothing but red paint, Oni and Pika harness their sexual energy in songs such as “Want You,” where they declare their heartfelt desire for each other in beautifully painful shrieks over a mutilated traditional blues melody, and “Hadaka,” where their simultaneous orgasmic shouts ring over mountains of squalling guitar feedback, discordant riffage, and drum-pummeling.
Avant-garde composer Pauline Oliveros states that her motivation for composing music
is the “pleasure, ecstasy, and euphoria” that comes from listening to her pieces being performed. Meanwhile, when music critic Martha Mockus listens to Oliveros’s Rose Mountain Slow Runner, she finds “the stories of lesbian erotic exchange sounded out” in the breaths of the singers and the accordion bellows. In the 1983 recording of Horse Sings from Cloud, Oliveros performs the piece with Heloise Gold, Julia Haines, and Linda Montano, the latter being Oliveros’s lover at the time. As Dolores Hajosy explains in the liner notes, “The listeners may tune into the different breathing patterns of each instrument…The instruments and vocalizations combine to create a rich phasing of breath cycles.” The “shimmering” dynamic between the deep bass of Oliveros’s bandoneon and the soprano voice of Montano’s concertina establish the butch-femme relationship that Mockus also identifies, with the breathing patterns of the instruments representing sexual vocalizations. The pleasure of listening then, is coupled with the pleasure of reenacting sexual encounters, and music and sex become unified in the performance. This notion follows Foucault’s idea of the confession as an erotic practice: “In the Christian confession…there was a whole series of methods that had much in common with erotic art… [including] the intensification of experiences extending down to their physical components” (70). Oliveros’s brand of classical music, then, falls under the label of ars erotica, and serves as a perfect example of the expression of lesbian sexuality through noise.
ConclusionsNoise music has emerged as an occluded part of queer culture. Existing as a queer (i.e. marginal) form of music, noise suffers from and reflects the same misconceptions and prejudices that surround queer sexuality, making it a perfect medium for the expression of queer political statements, such as those of Bob Ostertag, Matmos, and John Cage. Its marginal existence and subversive content, including the sexually explicit material of Throbbing Gristle and Coil, attract many queer musicians and music fans to the scene. These artists then use noise as a means of expressing mental and sexual frustration through its harsh yet cathartic sounds, as demonstrated in the work of the Kronos Quartet, Afrirampo, Xiu Xiu, and Pauline Oliveros. While there is nothing specifically relevant to queer sexuality that unites all noise music, it is in fact a subculture with a history that is very familiar to queer musicians, one that is a safe haven for queer expression, be it for the purpose of advancing a political movement or simply for the purpose of entertaining each other.
References-Afrirampo. Interview. Panache Magazine. Issue 22.
-Butler, Judith. “Imitation and Gender Insubordination.” The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader.Ed. Henry Abelove et al. Routledge: New York, 1993.
-Daniel, Drew. Telephone Interview. 4 December 2005.
-Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, Vol. 1, transl. Robert Hurley. Vintage Books: New York, 1990.
-Friedl, Reinhold. “Some Sadomasochistic Aspects of Musical Pleasure.” Leonardo Music
Journal, Vol. 12, 2002.
-Gibb, Joel. Telephone Interview. 20 November 2005.
-Hajosy, Dolores. In The Wanderer [LP liner notes]. Lovely Music: New York, 1984.
-Jagose, Annamarie. Queer Theory: An Introduction. NYU Press: New York, 1997.
-Katz, Jonathan D. “John Cage’s Queer Silence; or, How to Avoid Making Matters Worse.”
Writings Through John Cage’s Music, Poetry, and Art, Ed. David W. Bernstein and
Christopher Hatch. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 2001.
-Maus, Fred Everett. “Sexual and Musical Categories.” The Pleasures of Modern Music, Ed. Arved Ashby. University of Rochester Press: Rochester, NY, 2004.
-Mockus, Martha. Abstract: “Respiration: Breathing and Sounding a Lesbian Musical Valentine.” Society for Music Theory 22nd Annual Meeting. Atlanta, GA, 13 November 1999.
-Namaste, Ki. “Tragic Misreadings: Queer Theory’s Erasure of Transgender Subjectivity.” Queer Studies: A Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Anthology. Ed. Brett Beemyn et al. NYU Press: New York, 1996.
-Ostertag, Bob. In All the Rage [CD liner notes]. Nonesuch Records: Los Angeles, 1993.
-----Telephone Interview. 17 December 2005.
-----“Why I Work with Drag Queens.” Die Wochenzeitung, Zurich. 26 March 1999.
Stewart, Jamie. Telephone Interview. 8 December 2005.
Warner, Michael. The Trouble with Normal. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
Xiu Xiu. Knife Play. 5 Rue Christine: Olympia, WA, 2002.
-----La Forêt. 5 Rue Christine: Olympia, WA, 2005
.jpg)
